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SAHYONARA ESTRELA DE LACERDA HUSSEIN MÉLO
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STUDY OF THERMAL CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS AN ENERGY ALTERNATIVE FOR THE CLOSING OF OPEN-AIR DUMPS IN PARAÍBA
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Fecha: 16-dic-2021
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Hora: 14:30
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Currently, Brazil is going through a great challenge, the closure of open-air dumps and their environmentally adequate disposal. In 2018, 79 million tons of waste were generated, and 29.5 million tons of MSW ended up going to landfills or controlled landfills, which do not have a set of systems and measures necessary to protect the environment and health people against damage and degradation. In this circumstance, the search for alternatives for the minimization of urban solid waste in the world becomes urgent. The municipalities of Paraíba have been facing difficulties in the closure of activities in landfills, considering a large volume of waste that has been deposited for years and few financial resources to invest in environmentally correct disposal. Many of these dumps are located close to places of human consumption, such as plantations and water resources. Currently only in Paraíba, 195 of the 223 cities (87.44%) still maintain open-air dumps, that is, only 12.56% have landfills. Several studies are carried out to improve the management of solid waste and new forms of treatment, with the energy reuse intrinsic to the minimization of pollution. Pyrolysis of urban waste is an alternative to reduce dependence on foreign energy sources and an incentive to shift global consumption of fossil fuels to renewable energy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential application of the pyrolysis process in the treatment of urban solid waste, aiming at the generation of renewable energy.
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DALILA MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO
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STUDY OF THE CO-COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR OF COFFEE GROUNDS AND SUGARCANE BAGASS
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Fecha: 25-nov-2021
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Hora: 14:30
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With the unbridled growth of energy demand, the use based on fossil fuels has become a global problem. However, the search for sources less harmful to the environment started to intensify, and an alternative that has been adopted is the use of renewable sources, especially biomass. This work aimed to analyze the development of studies in international databases about the biomass co-combustion process, in addition to study the co-combustion process of coffee grounds (BCF) and sugarcane bagasse (BCC), characterizing
the physicochemical properties of these residues. The methodology used in the study was a bibliographical survey using keywords in the Web of Science databases - Main Collection and Science Direct, analyzing the studies that addressed the chosen theme, as well as analyzes of the BCF and the BCC through physicochemical analysis of the samples (proximate analysis, analysis of the higher calorific value and X-ray fluorescence) and thermogravimetric analysis. The results obtained showed that through the literature review of the databases, studies on the subject are growing over the years, especially from 2016 to 2020, as it was also noted that in the vast majority of studies the co-combustion process was carried out between biomasses with coal and that with co-combustion the value of the activation energy (Ea) was lower than the combustion of each residue. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the levels of volatile material found both for the samples (BCF and BCC) and for the fixed carbon indicated that there is a large amount of compounds that can be devolatilized, in addition to the values obtained from PCS BCF (18.34 MJ.kg-1) and BCC (18.05 MJ.kg-1) are comparable to traditional biomass fuels that have already been used for energy purposes. Through the thermogravimetric analysis it was noted that the beginning of the thermal decomposition of BCF and BCC occurred in the range of 150 ºC, as well as that in the oxidizing atmosphere there was a thermal stability of the samples at lower temperatures. And regarding the co-combustion process, it was observed that the greatest mass loss occurs around 150 ºC to 350 ºC in all mixtures, and the mixture of 25% BCF with 75% BCC was the most reactive either by the ignition temperature (Tig) (175 °C) and by the higher rate of mass loss at a lower temperature (25%.min-1 at 402 °C). Therefore, through this work it was possible to have an overview of the production of articles and that BCF and BCC biomass and their mixtures may have a good applicability in their use for energy purposes in combustion processes.
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EVANDRO BERNARDO DE LIRA
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ANAEROBIC BIODIGESTER IN FAMILY AGRICULTURE: PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS AND BIOFERTILIZER FROM LIVESTOCK WASTE AND MICROALGAE CULTIVATION IMPLEMENTATION
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Fecha: 30-ago-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Research on renewable energies has grown significantly over the years, as they generate clean and sustainable energy, seeking to reduce or replace fossil fuels. Because they are largely responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental problems. Another problem that influences these environmental impacts is the inadequate disposal of agricultural residues in the soil and water bodies, such as swine and poultry manure. Given this scenario, the production of biogas using these wastes, which are abundant and have great energy potential, emerges as a viable solution for rural family farmers, promoting an alternative energy source, reducing fossil fuel consumption and environmental damage , generating biofertilizer that can be used in agriculture or in the cultivation of microalgae. In this sense, three homemade anaerobic digesters were developed, which were fed with swine and poultry manure and a binary mixture (swine and poultry manure). Biogas production and composition of CH4, CO2, H2S and NH3 gases, temperature and pH parameters were determined, as well as total, fixed and volatile solids analysis. The largest production of biogas was generated by the BS of 3.747 m3 in a period of 38 days, followed by the BB of 3.726 m3 in 56 days, and the lowest production was for BA with 0.650 m3 in 35 days. The biodigesters had a maximum temperature of 33.33°C and a minimum of 26.59°C, with an average temperature of 30.76°C. The pH ranged from 7 to 7.5, from 7 to 8 and 6.8 to 6, for BS, BB and BA, respectively. The BS had CH4 concentrations ranging from 65% to 81%. The BA showed concentrations of CH4 that ranged from 60% to 43%. And BB had CH4 concentrations ranging from 68% to 80%. The BS showed the highest production of biogas and methane in relation to the reduced SV of the total volume of the biodigesters, which was 804.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 572.2 L/kg SV of methane. Followed by BB with 626.0 L/kg SV of biogas and 457.6 L/kg SV of methane, and the lowest values were reported in BA with 522.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 259.4 L/kg SV of methane. Another test was carried out with the poultry manure to correct the pH, the BAC produced 2.196m3 of biogas, that is, 3.3 times more than the uncorrected BA, and the pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.2. BAC obtained biogas production of 1102.4 and methane 628.5 L/kg of SVr. The media synthesized with the biofertilizers generated by the biodigesters showed efficiency for the cultivation of the microalgae Monoraphidium contortum, Golenkinia radiata and Chlorella sp. The purification of biogas in the cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella sp. showed removal efficiency from 20.5±1.6 to 53.8±3.3% depending on the concentration of CO2 in the biogas, and the calorific value ranged from 24702 to 32578 kJ m-3. Being close to the value of pure methane, which is 35800 kJ m-3, showing that the process of purification of CO2 through the cultivation of Chlorella sp. it is feasible to increase the purity of the biogas. The cultivation of Chlorella sp. with addition of biogas increased the concentration of algal biomass and the content of PT, CT and LT compared to the control trial and the alternative medium without addition of biogas. Showing the great potential of biogas generation by biodigesters using agricultural waste, and alternative means synthesized from biofertilizers and the addition of biogas for the production of microalgae, which can be implemented in family farming.
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EVANDRO BERNARDO DE LIRA
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ANAEROBIC BIODIGESTER IN FAMILY AGRICULTURE: PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS AND BIOFERTILIZER FROM LIVESTOCK WASTE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROALGAE CULTIVATION
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Fecha: 30-ago-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Researches on renewable energies has grown significantly over the years, as they generate clean and sustainable energy, seeking to reduce or replace fossil fuels. Because they are largely responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental problems. Another problem that influences these environmental impacts is the inadequate discard of agricultural residues in the soil and water bodies, such as swine and poultry manure. Given this scenario, the production of biogas using these wastes, which are abundant and have great energy potential, emerges as a viable solution for rural family farmers, promoting an alternative energy source, reducing fossil fuel consumption and environmental damage generating biofertilizer that can be used in agriculture or in the cultivation of microalgae. In this sense, three homemade anaerobic digesters were developed, which were fed with swine and poultry manure and a binary mixture (swine and poultry manure). Biogas production and composition of CH4, CO2, H2S and NH3 gases, temperature and pH parameters were determined, as well as analysis of total solids, fixed and volatiles. The largest production of biogas was generated by the BS of 3.747 m3 in a period of 38 days, followed by the BB of 3.726 m3 in 56 days, and the lowest production was for BA with 0.650 m3 in 35 days. The biodigesters had a maximum temperature of 33.33°C and a minimum of 26.59°C, with an average temperature of 30.76°C. The pH ranged from 7 to 7.5, from 7 to 8 and 6.8 to 6, for BS, BB and BA, respectively. The BS had CH4 concentrations ranging from 65% to 81%. The BA showed concentrations of CH4 that ranged from 60% to 43%. And BB had CH4 concentrations ranging from 68% to 80%. The BS showed the highest production of biogas and methane in relation to the reduced SV of the total volume of the biodigesters, which was 804.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 572.2 L/kg SV of methane. Followed by BB with 626.0 L/kg SV of biogas and 457.6 L/kg SV of methane, and the lowest values were reported in BA with 522.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 259.4 L/kg SV of methane. Another test was carried out with the poultry manure to correct the pH, the BAC produced 2.196m3 of biogas, that is, 3.3 times more than the uncorrected BA, and the pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.2. BAC obtained biogas production of 1102.4 and methane 628.5 L/kg of SVr. The media synthesized with the biofertilizers generated by the biodigesters showed efficiency for the cultivation of the microalgae Monoraphidium contortum, Golenkinia radiata and Chlorella sp. The purification of biogas in the cultivation of the microalgae Chlorella sp. showed removal efficiency from 20.5±1.6 to 53.8±3.3% depending on the concentration of CO2 in the biogas, and the calorific value ranged from 24702 to 32578 kJ m-3. Being close to the value of pure methane, which is 35800 kJ m-3, showing that the process of purification of CO2 through the cultivation of Chlorella sp. it is feasible to increase the purity of the biogas. The cultivation of Chlorella sp. with addition of biogas increased the concentration of algal biomass and the content of PT, CT and LT compared to the control trial and the alternative medium without addition of biogas. Showing the great potential of biogas generation by biodigesters using agricultural waste, and alternative means synthesized from biofertilizers and the addition of biogas for the production of microalgae, which can be implemented in family farming.
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EVANDRO BERNARDO DE LIRA
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ANAEROBIC BIODIGESTER IN FAMILY FARMING: BIOGAS AND BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION FROM LIVESTOCK WASTE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROALGAE CULTIVATION
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Fecha: 30-ago-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Mostrar Resumen
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Research on renewable energies has grown significantly over the years, as they generate clean and sustainable energy, seeking to reduce or replace fossil fuels. Because they are largely responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental problems. Another factor that influences these environmental impacts is the improper disposal of agricultural waste in the soil and water bodies, such as pig and poultry manure. Given this scenario, the production of biogas using these wastes, which are abundant and have great energy potential, emerges as a viable solution for rural producers of family farming, promoting an alternative energy source, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and environmental damage. , generating biofertilizer that can be used in agriculture or in the cultivation of microalgae. In this sense, three homemade anaerobic digesters were developed, which were fed with pig and poultry manure, and a binary mixture (pig and poultry manure). Biogas production and the composition of CH4, CO2, H2S and NH3 gases, temperature and pH parameters were determined, in addition to analysis of total, fixed and volatile solids. The highest biogas production was generated by the biodigester with swine waste (BS) of 3.747 m3 in a period of 38 days, followed by the biodigester with swine and poultry waste (BB) of 3.726 m3 in 56 days, and the lowest production was for the digester with poultry residue (BA) with 0.650 m3 in 35 days. The biodigesters had a maximum temperature of 33.33 °C and a minimum of 26.59 °C, with an average temperature of 30.76 °C. The pH varied from 7 to 7.5, from 7 to 8 and 6.8 to 6, for BS, BB and BA, respectively. The BS showed CH4 concentrations ranging from 65% to 81%. BA showed CH4 concentrations ranging from 60% to 43%. And BB showed CH4 concentrations that ranged from 68% to 80%. The BS showed the highest production of biogas and methane in relation to volatile solids (SV) reduced from the total volume of the biodigesters, which was 804.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 572.2 L/kg SV of methane. Followed by BB with 626.0 L/kg SV of biogas and 457.6 L/kg SV of methane, and the lowest values were reported in BA with 522.8 L/kg SV of biogas and 259.4 L/kg SV of methane. Another test was carried out with poultry manure to correct the pH, the BAC produced 2.196m3 of biogas in 56 days, that is, 3.3 times more than the BA without correction, and the pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.2 . The BAC obtained biogas production of 1102.4 and methane 628.5 L/kg of SVr. The media synthesized with the biofertilizers generated by the biodigesters showed efficiency for the cultivation of the microalgae Monoraphidium contortum, Golenkinia radiata and Chlorella sp. The purification of biogas in the cultivation of microalgae Chlorella sp. showed removal efficiency from 20.5±1.6 to 53.8±3.3% depending on the concentration of CO2 in the biogas, and the calorific value ranged from 24702 to 32578 kJ m-3. Getting close to the value of pure methane, which is 35800 kJ m-3, showing that the CO2 purification process through the cultivation of Chlorella sp. it is feasible to increase the purity of biogas. The cultivation of Chlorella sp. with the addition of biogas increased the concentration of algal biomass and the content of PT, CT and LT in relation to the control test and the alternative medium without the addition of biogas. Showing the great potential of biogas generation by biodigesters using agricultural waste, and alternative means synthesized from biofertilizers and the addition of biogas for the production of microalgae, which can be implemented in family farming.
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PAULO DE TARSO DANTAS LIMA
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Analysis of environmental impact assessment processes in photovoltaic plants and the biophysical potential in Northeast Brazil
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Fecha: 30-ago-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Electricity generation by photovoltaic systems has been growing exponentially all over the world. The implementation of this type of activity requires the preparation of several studies, including the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Therefore, it is imperative to improve this tool, as it is the main instrument in ensuring the promotion of sustainable development in this segment. Another process to be improved is decision making regarding the installation areas of photovoltaic projects, which must take place through the use of geographic information systems and geoenvironmental criteria, also considering socioeconomic aspects, among others. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the quality and applicability of EIAs applied to photovoltaic projects from the identification of beneficial and adverse impacts considered, and the measurement of the biophysical potential of the Northeast region. For that, a documental analysis of 41 EIAs was used, through which it was possible to identify 3381 impacts, subdivided in the phases of planning, implementation, operation and deactivation of the projects. Regarding the biophysical potential, this was calculated based on three environmental criteria: average soil slope, vegetation cover, provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS); and horizontal global solar irradiation, coming from the Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy, organized by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). It was found that the historical quantification of environmental impacts can be used to assess the benefit of the activity in cities and regions, and to score the most relevant impacts. It was also possible to observe that some impacts referenced in the international literature are not foreseen in the EIAs in Brazil, a fact that can compromise decision-making by the government. As for the feasibility of photovoltaic energy generation, based on biophysical parameters, it was found that the Northeast region has a high potential in almost all of its territory. With a view to the sustainable development of this region, it is very pertinent to promote the identification of suitable areas for the generation of photovoltaic energy, as it allows transmission planning, provides subsidies for the elaboration of plans, programs and public policies; expands the certainties of the solar energy market and the identification of environmentally sensitive areas, in order to combine the generation of photovoltaic energy with the minimization of unwanted environmental impacts.
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KALLINY DOS SANTOS GONÇALVES
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THERMAL STABILITY OF MULTILAYER ABSORBING SURFACES OF Cr, Cr2O3 AND SiO2
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Asesor : KELLY CRISTIANE GOMES DA SILVA
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Fecha: 30-jul-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Energy is considered a key agent in economic development. Due to the abundance and the minimal environmental impacts caused by its collection, solar energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energy in existence. Concentrating and using the sun's rays to fuel processes such as heating can be one of the ways to provide humanity with security and sustainability. A collector's efficiency can be increased by modifying the absorption and conversion properties of sunlight. This can be achieved by increasing the absorbance coefficient in the visible spectrum (UV - 0.3-2.5μm) and decreasing thermal losses (materials with low emittance in the infrared region - IR - 2.5-20μm). In the present work, the possibility of increasing the optical absorptance of thin films based on Cr-Cr2O3-SiO2 produced by means of the magnetron spputering deposition technique as a function of the deposition variation in multilayers is studied. The films will be deposited on stainless steel substrates, using a deposition time of 120 minutes for oxides and 60 minutes for metals, gas composition (N2=6.0 sccm and Ar=5.0 sccm), target-substrate distance (xcm) and RF discharge power for Cr of 60W and for Cr/Cr2O3 - Cr2O3 - SiO2 of 60W. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of these surfaces when subjected to different temperatures (T1=25°C, T2=100°C, T3=200° and T4=350°C). 29 films were deposited on stainless steel substrates in 8 different layer arrangements. After deposition, the samples were subjected to heating and characterized using the techniques of UV-Vis and Infrared Spectrophotometry, FTIR-MIR, Optical Profilometry, and X-Ray Diffraction. For the non-aged samples, it was observed that the S3 film had the best absorptance result (97.81%). The results showed that the manufactured coatings showed absorption averages at a commercial level (above 90%). In addition, AR coverage increased the efficiency of the films (on average 0.83%). It was observed that the S2 film had the best morphological characteristics. It was noted that the absorptive properties were improved after aging at 350ºC, resulting from the formation of crystalline Cr2O3 in the films.
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LARISSA MENDES HERMOGENES ROCHA
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EVALUATION OF THE ANDERSON ACCELERATION TECHNIQUE TO ACCELERATE THE CONVERGENCE OF THE CARBONATION PROBLEM IN CONCRETE TOWERS OF AIR GENERATORS
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Fecha: 30-jul-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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With the growing demand for energy, the installed capacity of wind energy comes
growing every year. The need to install turbines in taller towers for making better use of the speed and stability of the winds made the concrete make it a good choice as a building material. One of the problems that most affects the durability of concrete is carbonation, which results in destruction of the protective layer on reinforcing steel bars, on reinforced concrete structures. Due to the complex mathematical model of carbonation, numerical methods can help to better understand the phenomenon. The objective of the work is to solve numerically,via the Finite Volume Method, the mathematical model of carbonation in towers of concrete of wind turbines, considering the action of the wind on the structure, and employing the Anderson Acceleration technique to accelerate the convergence of the Picard Method. THE methodology consisted in the development of the two-dimensional mathematical model and its numerical formulation, which is implemented in Matlab® and whose performance will be evaluated in classic cases in the literature. The partial results show that the implementation of numerical solution of carbonation is in good agreement with the reference work in Anderson Acceleration literature and implementation show promise in reducing the number of iterations in a preliminary application to the heat transfer problem with non-linearity, which indicates that the technique can also be effective when applied to the carbonation.
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PAULO DE TARSO DANTAS LIMA
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Analysis of environmental impact assessment processes in photovoltaic power plants and the biophysical potential in Northeast Brazil
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Fecha: 30-jul-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Mostrar Resumen
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Electricity generation by photovoltaic systems has been growing exponentially all over the world. The implementation of this type of activity requires the preparation of several studies, including the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Therefore, it is imperative to improve this tool, as it is the main instrument in ensuring the promotion of sustainable development in this segment. Another process to be improved is decision making regarding the installation areas of photovoltaic projects, which must take place through the use of geographic information systems and geoenvironmental criteria, also considering socioeconomic aspects, among others. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the quality and applicability of EIAs applied to photovoltaic projects from the identification of beneficial and adverse impacts considered, and the measurement of the biophysical potential of the Northeast region. For that, a documental analysis of 41 EIAs was used, through which it was possible to identify 3381 impacts, subdivided in the phases of planning, implantation, operation and deactivation of the projects. Regarding the biophysical potential, this was calculated based on three environmental criteria: average soil slope, vegetation cover, provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS); and horizontal global solar irradiation, coming from the Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy, organized by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). It was found that the historical quantification of environmental impacts can be used to assess the benefit of the activity in cities and regions, and to score the most relevant impacts. It was also possible to observe that some impacts referenced in the international literature are not foreseen in the EIAs in Brazil, a fact that can compromise decision-making by the government. As for the feasibility of photovoltaic energy generation, based on biophysical parameters, it was found that the Northeast region has a high potential in almost all of its territory. With a view to the sustainable development of this region, it is very pertinent to promote the identification of suitable areas for the generation of photovoltaic energy, as it allows transmission planning, provides subsidies for the elaboration of plans, programs and public policies; expands the certainties of the solar energy market and the identification of environmentally sensitive areas, in order to combine the generation of photovoltaic energy with the minimization of unwanted environmental impacts.
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ANNA MANUELLA MELO NUNES
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Public policies on renewable energy and Brazilian forest bioelectricity: empirical evidence for a circular economy
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Fecha: 28-jul-2021
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Hora: 17:00
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The imminent depletion of fossil reserves, the growing global energy demand and the need to comply with environmental policies to combat greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to an increase in the use of renewable energy sources in the global energy matrix. A systemic transition to more efficient energy regimes requires a strategically designed sequence of actions involving all levels of policy. Among the different approaches to achieving sustainable development is the circular economy, applied to renewable energies, in particular the bioeconomy. The objective of this research is to analyze the impacts of public policies on renewable energy and the structural evolution of Brazilian forest bioelectricity from a circular economy perspective. The data used were from plants participating in the Incentive Program for Alternative Sources of Electric Energy (PROINFA) and from forest biomass thermoelectric plants, through the Aneel Generation Information System (SIGA) of the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). To achieve the objectives, a systematic review of the taxonomy of Public Policies (PP) was carried out, as well as the main sources, beneficiaries and convergences of circularity associated with PP for renewable energy. An ex-post and ex-ante analysis was also carried out, based on the econometric model of Diff-in-Diff to measure the impact of PROINFA's public policy in Brazil; finally, a descriptive analysis of the forest bioelectricity thermoelectric plants and their classification in relation to the assumptions of the circular economy was carried out. Among the results obtained, it was noted a scenario of energy development in the last 20 years and the application of circularity concepts observed in publications of the last 5 years. However, the review articles, which are essential for evaluating the policies implemented so far, are presented in a smaller quantity, and there is an opportunity to carry out comparative research. Regarding PROINFA, there was an increase of 10% in per capita income in the participating municipalities, 13.82% in the number of formal workers and 0.39% in capital expenditure, demonstrating that those benefiting from the program achieved economic development and Social. The analyzes carried out showed that PROINFA collaborated with regional development. From the circularity analysis, it was identified that the thermoelectric plants that use Licor Negro and Forest Residue presented a greater amount of circular economy premises in their production processes. It was also verified that they have operations in the international market, which evidenced the commitment to comply with the circular practices and the COP 21 goals. need for investments and public policies aimed at the circular economy.
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GABRIEL NASSER DOYLE DE DOILE
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VIABILIDADE DA GERAÇÃO DISTRIBUÍDA DE FONTES SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA E EÓLICA COM BANCOS DE BATERIAS COMO ARMAZENAMENTO DE ENERGIA EM FACE DA REGULAÇÃO E DOS INCENTIVOS ECONÔMICOS VIGENTES
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Fecha: 27-jul-2021
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Hora: 09:00
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O apelo mundial pela redução no consumo de combustíveis fósseis cresceu muito nas últimas décadas, devido ao processo de queima desses combustíveis ser um dos causadores do efeito estufa. Alinhado a isto, a produção de energia elétrica a partir de fontes renováveis tem crescido de forma exponencial em muitos países, incluindo o Brasil. Em que pese a matriz elétrica brasileira ser essencialmente de fonte hidráulica, o crescimento das fontes renováveis segue o mesmo padrão mundial. A principal diferença é que, no Brasil com exceção dos reservatórios das hidrelétricas, o armazenamento de energia ainda está muito incipiente. Sequer a regulação do setor elétrico está preparada para incentivar a inserção de novos dispositivos para armazenamento de energia. Esta dissertação está organizada em capítulos que, com exceção do primeiro e do último, deram origem a artigos científicos, os quais analisam e buscam apresentar soluções para lacunas específicas e formas de incentivos ao crescimento sustentável da geração distribuída a partir de fontes eólicas e solar fotovoltaica, com armazenamento de energia. No primeiro capítulo são apresentados a introdução geral e os principais métodos usados na pesquisa. Já o segundo capítulo trata de uma revisão sistemática da literatura e da legislação e regulação aplicadas ao tema. O principal achado deste estudo é que há muito pouca pesquisa dos três temas em conjunto e menos ainda endereçada aos aspectos legais e regulatórios. Os incentivos legais e regulatórios variam muito entre os países pesquisados, mas servem de insumos ao regulador e legisladores brasileiros. O terceiro capítulo trata especificamente das mudanças na regulação, propostas pela ANEEL, e seus efeitos na já consolidada geração distribuída a partir de fonte solar fotovoltaica. A conclusão aponta para uma significativa redução na viabilidade econômica desses empreendimentos. No quarto capítulo foi introduzido o armazenamento de energia onde, baseado na revisão da literatura, optou-se pelo uso da banco de baterias, alternativa mais econômica para a proposta estudada. Apesar de o armazenamento trazer vantagem econômica, pois reduz o consumo da rede nos horários de pico quando a tarifa é mais cara, o negócio mostrou-se inviável devido ao alto custo das baterias. Dada a complementariedade natural da geração eólica com a solar fotovoltaica, no quinto capítulo, foi introduzida esta fonte que ainda não está difundida no Brasil para instalações distribuídas. Considerando preços internacionais das microturbinas eólicas, sem o imposto de importação, estas instalações mostraram-se economicamente viáveis e, poderão ser a alternativa que dará viabilidade à geração distribuída após o fim do subsídio cruzado, proposto pela ANEEL, caso haja incentivos e/ou isenções fiscais para compra e/ou importação de baterias e microturbinas eólicas. A conclusão final, apresentada no capítulo 6, é de que ainda há necessidade de incentivos econômico-financeiros para viabilidade da geração distribuída de fontes eólica e solar fotovoltaica, com armazenamento de energia em países onde a geração distribuída ainda não está consolidada, como no Brasil.
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GUSTAVO LEITE GONÇALVES
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Economic and environmental assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaic - BIPV
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Fecha: 26-jul-2021
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Hora: 09:00
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The BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) consists of the inclusion of photovoltaic panels in the building's structure, giving them functionality as a constructive element, in addition to electrical generation. This dissertation focused on environmental impacts, economic feasibility and sustainability guidelines in the implementation of an integrated solar photovoltaic system. The dissertation was organized in the form of scientific articles. In the first article, bibliometrics and a systematic review were carried out on the relationship of the pillars of sustainability in the works related to BIPVs, in addition to investigating the main gaps found in the literature, as a way of verifying their contributions to the sustainable development mode. The second article analyzed and compared the economic feasibility between the implementation of a BIPV system and a conventional photovoltaic system in the city of Pau dos Ferros (RN, Brazil), and in locations that cover all the predominant climatic types in Brazil. Financial simulations and statistical tests were carried out, considering local characteristics and the accumulated probability of positive returns. In the third study, an assessment of the environmental impacts related to a BIPV was identified and carried out, from its manufacture to full operation, through the preparation of a Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). With the result of the analysis, the environmental feasibility of its implementation was verified, as well as the dynamics of the occurrence of impacts and its contrast with the conventional model. In the fourth work, the carbon footprint of a conventional and a semi-transparent photovoltaic system was compared, evaluating their emission factors through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results expressed an important contribution of BIPVs in disseminating the concept of sustainable buildings, especially when they are part of a material recycling cycle. In summary, the BIPV plays a promising environmental and socioeconomic role, with an excellent contribution to the propagation of the theory and practice of sustainable constructions, although it still needs improvement in terms of social policies, research and development.
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KAROLLYNE MARQUES DE LIMA
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ECONOMIC SYNTHESIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN ENERGY SYSTEM FOR A HOTEL LOCATED IN PARAÍBA (NORTHEAST BRAZIL)
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Fecha: 11-jun-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Polygeneration systems (also known as combined generation, in which two or more energy services are obtained from a single resource) assisted by renewable energy sources are considered important alternatives to supply the energy demands of buildings. However, determining the best configuration and operational strategy for these types of systems is a complex task, due to the multiple technology options available and the dynamic operating conditions of buildings and their surroundings. This work deals with the synthesis and optimization of an energy system for a commercial building (hotel). Demand for electricity, hot water and refrigeration was considered for a hotel located in Conde, in the state of Paraíba. The optimization problem was based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming, and included conventional equipment and solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal) and biomass. The objective function of the optimization was to minimize annual economic costs, which considered equipment and operating costs. The model solution suggested the installation of 70 photovoltaic panels, and used biomass (sugarcane bagasse) to start a boiler for the production of hot water. Solar collectors for hot water production were not part of the solution. For comparison purposes, a reference system was established, where energy demands are met in a conventional manner (without cogeneration or renewable energy), whose annual cost was R$ 80,799.00. Although with an initial investment of higher equipment for the optimized system, it benefited from the high degree of energy integration and had a total annual cost of R$ 25,525.00 (31,6% lower). In the sensitivity analysis, in general, there was little variation in results. When varying the electric tariff, it was found that adherence to the white tariff was not advantageous to the parallel of the distributed generation and varied consumption profile; when varying the natural gas tariff (in ± 20% of the reference value), there was no change in the system configuration; by varying the type of biomass, sugarcane bagasse remained as the best input option and; when varying the tariff of electricity (in ± 20% of the reference value) there was no change in the configuration of the system. Therefore, the economical solution indicated a combined generation system to minimize the total annual energy supply costs of hotel, including renewable energy.
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ALINE DA SILVA OLIVEIRA
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Evaluation of the Influence of Surface Treatments on the Optical and Microstructural Properties of Mo/SiO2 Absorber Films Obtained via Sputtering
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Fecha: 28-may-2021
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Hora: 13:30
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Sustainable development is directly related to renewable energy sources. Among these sources is the Sun, from which practically all the energy used on the planet derives. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic modules or in thermal plants, or directly used to heat water in solar collectors. The good thermal performance of solar collectors depends on the selective coverage that covers the absorber plate of the collectors, known as selective surfaces, which are materials with a high capacity for absorbing solar radiation and low emission in the infrared. Various materials and layer configurations can be used in the manufacture of selective surfaces. This work proposes the production of selective surfaces in multilayer of molybdenum and silica (SiO2) in order to optimize the thermal performance of the system, comparing different parameters in the sputtering deposition technique, and evaluating the influence of the type of substrate treatment on this performance. The results obtained in Spectrophotometry in the Region of UV-Visible and Near Infrared showed that the absorbance of the surfaces is superior for Mo and Mo/SiO2 films on electropolished surfaces in comparison with the treatments with acid and hexane. The highest absorbance achieved was 98,10% for a Mo/SiO2 film. The band gaps were estimated using the Tauc method and assumed values ranging from 0,7 to 3,45 eV. In the electropolished samples, the existence of more than one energy gap was determined, which is related to the greater absorption of these samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the presence of residues from the materials used in the surface treatments of substrates and bands characteristic of the vibration of molybdenum oxide bonds, Cr2O3 from chemical passivation, and a marked band characteristic of the bonds of SiO2. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) exhibited peaks characteristic of the metallic Mo phase and phases resulting from the binding of Mo with Fe, Cr and Ni present in the steel substrate, and the amorphous behavior of the silica deposited in the form of quartz was also verified. The results obtained in Optical Profiling indicate that the absorbance of the samples is
influenced by the roughness of the substrates. The thickness and roughness of the films were evaluated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which determined thickness values characteristic of thin films.
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HERWIN SAITO SCHULTZ
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DESIGN, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PAYBACK OF A SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
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Fecha: 28-may-2021
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Hora: 09:00
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Traditionally, electricity generation systems use fossil fuels in their production process and emit a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). To reduce these emissions, ways of obtaining energy that are less aggressive to the environment should be sought. In this context, the use of renewable sources acquires importance in the energy matrix. Photovoltaic solar systems (PVS) generation can represent less polluting energy source and can replace non-renewable sources powered by fossil fuels, as is the case of thermoelectric power plants (TEPP). The state of Paraíba has great potential for solar energy generation, having one of the highest solar irradiation rates in the country. The general objective of this study was designing a 16.4 MW photovoltaic solar system located in the hinterland of Paraíba and quantifying the associated GHG emissions with its environmental payback. The solar system was designed to minimize the Leveled Energy Cost. GHG emissions were quantified through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), expressing the environmental impact in terms of energy generated (kg of CO2-eq / kWh) and adopting the procedures presented by ISO 14040 and 14044. For LCA, the SimaPro v.9.1.0.8 software, the Ecoinvent 3.5 database and the IPCC 2013 GWP 100a method were used for a LCA from cradle to grave. The determination of the environmental payback was in relation to the Brazilian electric mix of 2019 and also took into account the degradation of the panels in the energy production. As a result, a solar system capable of supplying 521,443 MWh in 25 years was obtained, with an emission factor of 0.044 kg of CO2-eq / kWh, an environmental payback of 5 years and 8 months and an emission factor at least 10 times lower in comparison, with the natural gas TEPP. Solar panels are the main contributors to GHG emissions, representing 90.59% of the total. It is concluded that PVS have great importance in the search for reductions in GHG emissions and even in a country that has a predominantly renewable electrical matrix, its application is still advantageous.
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JOSE JOAQUIM DE SOUZA NETO
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Biogas: Energy Vector in an Agroindustry in the City of Pombal - PB
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Fecha: 01-mar-2021
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Hora: 14:00
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Solid waste from human activities, such as agriculture, causes serious environmental disturbances, due to the large percentage of organic material in its composition. Therefore, it is essential to employ technologies for its treatment. In view of this, biodigesters are shown to be an effective option for reducing the organic load. This perspective, observed in the agroindustry Bolo das Oliveiras, in the city of Pombal - PB, where a biodigestor model sertanejo is installed. Therefore, this work seeks to maximize the production of biogas, arising from it. The investigation took place between July 2020 and January 2021, totaling 210 days. The digester was fed daily with two types of dilution. In the first phase, 100 kg of bovine manure diluted in 200 liters of water were inserted, proportion of 1:2. In the second part of the experiment, 150 kg of manure were used diluted in 150 liters of water, proportion of 1:1. In both phases, the hydraulic retention time of 45 days was adopted, after which analyzes were carried out fortnightly until the 210th day. The influent and effluent analyzes cover physical and chemical ones, as well as the qualification and quantification of the methane produced in both phases. The results obtained showed few variations, regarding the substrates, which may be associated with incomplete digestion of the organic mass in both phases. The production of biogas showed good quality during the 210 days of investigation. However, phase 2 showed greater efficiency in terms of methane production, making the equipment even more efficient from an environmental, economic and social point of view.
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JOSE JOAQUIM DE SOUZA NETO
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Biogas: Energy vector in an Agroindustry in Pombal - PB
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Fecha: 01-mar-2021
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Hora: 10:00
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Solid waste from human activities, such as agriculture and livestock, external serious environmental disturbances, due to the large percentage of organic material in its composition, therefore, it is essential to employ technologies for its treatment. In view of this, the biodigesters show themselves as an effective option for reducing the organic load. This perspective was observed in the agro-industry Bolo das Oliveiras, in the city of Pombal - PB, where a model sertanejo biodigester is installed. Thus, this work seeks the maximization of the production of biogas, arising from the same. The investigation took place between July 2020 and January 2021, making 210 days. The biodigester was fed daily with two types of dilution. In the first phase, were inserted 100 kg of bovine waste diluted in 200 litres of water, proportion 1:2. In the second part of the experiment, 150 Kg of manure diluted in 150 litres of water, proportion 1:1 was used. In both phases a hydraulic retention time of 45 days was adopted, after which analyses were performed fortnightly until day 210. The analyses of the affluent and effluent cover the physical and chemical ones, as well as the qualification and quantification of the methane produced in both phases. The results obtained showed little variations, concerning the substrates, which can be associated to the incomplete digestion of the organic mass in both phases. The biogas production manifested flame of good quality during the 210 days of investigation. However, phase 2 presented higher efficiency regarding methane production, making the equipment even more efficient from the environmental, economic and social point of view.
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PAULO HENRIQUE ALVES DE LIMA
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EVALUATION OF THE GEOPOLIMERIC CONCRETE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE: THERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SUSTAINABILITY
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Fecha: 26-feb-2021
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Hora: 15:30
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High energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emissions are the biggest problems for the Portland cement industry related to environmental pollution. In this scenario, geopolymer concrete appears as a potential substitute for Portland cement concrete. In addition to its environmental potential, this alternative concrete has similar mechanical characteristics when compared to the conventional solution, still presenting the advantage of having an initial resistance gain superior to Portland cement concrete, it is also pointed out by some interesting researchers, which makes thermomechanical properties the safest reinforced concrete structures when exposed to fire situations. Thus, this study aims to verify the possible advantages of geopolymer concrete over Portland cement concrete, through material characterization tests, mechanical and thermal tests, and assessing CO2 emission and energy expenditure through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) taking as base unit 1m³ of each material. The results obtained showed that geopolymer concrete has a high potential for substitution to traditional concrete, as it has high mechanical strengths, in the order of 40 MPa in the first 7 days of age, approximately 55% higher than traditional concrete, and emissions of greenhouse effect 24% smaller, in the order of 238.5 kg.CO2eq. Through the results obtained, it seeks to demonstrate the advantages of geopolymeric concrete over Portland cement concrete, and its importance for the mitigation of environmental impacts resulting from civil construction.
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PAULA ROSE DE ARAUJO SANTOS
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PROJECTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE NORTHEAST REGION OF BRAZIL
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Fecha: 26-feb-2021
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Hora: 14:30
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Changes in climate can occur due to natural or man-made consequences, however, as described in the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, human actions are the main cause of recent global warming. Seeking to understand climate behavior, global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) were developed. In the models, parameters of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity of the air are used, among others and with that it is possible to project future climatic characteristics. The general objective of the work was to project future weather conditions for the Northeast region of Brazil, using a set of global climate models and a regional climate model associated with two scenarios of the IPCC. For this, a bibliographic review was first carried out from two databases (Science Direct and Web of Science), using a set of predefined keywords. In addition, climatic projections were made for average, maximum and minimum air temperatures, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed at 10 m and 100 m, short-wave radiation incident to the surface and cloudiness from a set of climate models (BESM, HadGEM2-ES, CanESM2 and MIROC5, for precipitation only) associated with the Eta regional climate model for the period 2041-2069 and 2070-2099 based on the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the Northeast region of Brazil . The results showed the importance of using more than one climate model for the projections, in order to give more reliability to the results. In addition, the data projected for the Northeast region indicated increases in future temperature and a reduction in precipitation for most models. This decrease was also observed for the relative humidity of the air. In the case of wind speed, although some locations show possible reductions, the scenario of increase is predominant in the Northeast region. Finally, radiation and cloudiness showed different results between the models applied.
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EDSON ALVES DE JESUS
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Evaluation of the quality efficiency of the electroflocculation process using a renewable energy source applied to the textile industry's effluent treatment.
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Asesor : KELLY CRISTIANE GOMES DA SILVA
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Fecha: 26-feb-2021
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Hora: 13:30
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In recent years, the development of industrial activities has caused innumerable impacts on natural resources. The textile industry, which is an important economic branch, generates a high amount of effluents, due to the huge amount use of water used in its productive process, which, when not correctly treated, deteriorates the quality of the receiving water course, causes visual impact with as well as water coloration. It is known that there are several ways of treating industrial effluents, and among them, it is possible to highlight the technique of Electro-flocculation, which was used in this study. Electro-flocculation, also known as electrocoagulation, has been a technique used for effluent treatment for years, although its employability is compromised due to the high energy expenditure that can burden the whole process. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the efficacy of the quality of the electro-flocculation process with the use of Al electrode coated with titanium film and filtration, with solar energy as a renewable energy source, and the use of TiO2 membrane applied to the treatment. A reactor made in acrylic, Al electrodes coated with a TiO2 film, was used in laboratory scale, both by conventional energy and photovoltaic energy through solar irradiation, in the city of J. Pessoa-PB. The compatibility between the use of photovoltaic and conventional energies were analyzed, noting the economic feasibility of the system, depending on the volume of treatment, conditioned to the maintenance of the pH of the effluent close to 7.0. It was also observed that a higher conductivity is directly related to the energy savings consumed in the system, also, the turbidity removal was successfully conducted, obtaining clear water at the end of the treatment and the COD had a significant reduction at the end of the treatment.
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JOSÉ RAMON NUNES FERREIRA
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MODULATION TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE THE TENSION OF THE COMMON MODE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE NETWORK
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Fecha: 26-feb-2021
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Hora: 09:00
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The Common Mode Voltage (CMV) is considered a problem in electrical systems. Its
emergence occurs through Electromagnetic Interference - EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)
usually caused by non-linear loads connected to the electrical network. Electronic devices that
operate with low voltage ratings are more susceptible to CMV. In systems connected to the
grid, CMV causes complications in supplying the voltage generated by the array of photovoltaic
plates (PV array), transmitting harmonic currents to the grid. The research proposes to
investigate the control technique of Single Cycle Control (One Cicle Control - OCC) applied
to three-phase inverters, focusing on reducing the Common Mode Voltage in photovoltaic
systems connected to the grid. The method proposed in the research is explained by its
mathematical modeling, being processed in dedicated software for simulations. This controller
has a relevant characteristic in the perspective of reducing the voltage in common mode in
photovoltaic systems connected to the grid, thus pointing out improvements in the quality of
the output voltage signal produced by these systems.
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RENNÊR RIBEIRO PINTO
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST SYNTHESIZED FROM EGG SHELL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
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Fecha: 25-feb-2021
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Hora: 16:00
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The increase in global energy demand, mostly from non-renewable sources, has motivated the development of new sources of alternative energy. In this search for new sources, Biodiesel emerged, a biofuel with low toxicity and biodegradability, usually obtained from the transesterification reaction in which 1 (one) mol of the triacylglycerides reacts with 3 (three) moles of alcohol (methanol or ethanol) to form 3 (three) moles of biodiesel and 1 (one) mole of glycerol, with the aid of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. However, the use of heterogeneous catalysts has a higher cost, when compared to homogeneous catalysis, which connotes the search for cheaper raw materials. In order to favor the cost benefit, a study was carried out that consisted of the use of CaO (calcium oxide), which has a high catalytic capacity, obtained from the calcination of the hen's egg shell. Based on this sustainable perspective, this work had as main objective the synthesis and characterization of heterogeneous catalyst obtained from calcined eggshell, for production of cotton biodiesel via ethyl route, starting from factorial design 23, and safflower oil biodiesel . The catalyst was prepared from calcination at different temperatures (600, 700, 800 and 900ºC) for 2 hours, and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (DRX), Thermogravimetry (TG), Particle Size Distribution (DG), Textural Analysis (BET / BJH), Experimental Density by Pycnometry (DE) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The esters obtained during the transesterification reaction were characterized by gas chromatography and FTIR. In terms of CaO catalytic activity, from the applied factorial design, a maximum yield in the transesterification of 85.83% was obtained for cotton oil, and when the best reaction condition was adopted and the amount of CaO varied from 1 to 5 %, there were excellent conversions of up to 98.76% in biodiesel. Conversions to biodiesel of up to 99.98% were achieved for safflower oil. The results achieved demonstrate a promising application of alternative CaO for the production of biodiesel, making the process even more sustainable.
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FRANCISCO CARLOS LEITE BRASIL
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CONTROLLER OF UNBALANCED LOADS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE THREE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
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Fecha: 25-feb-2021
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Hora: 10:00
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With the growing demand for photovoltaic systems connected to the grid, there is an increasing need to implement control techniques capable of minimizing the impacts of the interconnection between the two systems: photovoltaic and distribution network. The great challenge of control systems is to guarantee the basic aspects of power quality, mainly involving the magnitudes of frequency and power flow, which essentially depend on how the photovoltaic system behaves during external disturbances (distribution network) or internally to the system. . Therefore, the inverters must be prepared to operate during unbalanced sinks. However, conventional control techniques do not take into account voltage imbalances, which feature negative sequence components that circulate without control, which can generate peaks and imbalances in the current injected into the distribution network. The one-cycle control technique - OCC is applied to the switching converters to allow a quick response to transients, without overshoots and null error in steady state. Therefore, this work proposes to implement this technique in the control of the three-phase inverter in order to guarantee the maintenance of the power flow to the system in situations of load imbalance.
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LOUISE PEREIRA DA SILVA
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EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL CLIMATE DATA IN THE STATE OF PARAÍBA AND ITS USE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY STUDIES
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Fecha: 24-feb-2021
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Hora: 09:00
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Climate change can have consequences on the performance of units generating electricity from renewable resources, as these technologies are dependent on the climate of the region of installation. From historical series of climatic data and statistical applications, such as the Mann-Kendall test quantified by the slope of Sen, it is possible to investigate evidence of climate change. The state of Paraíba, which is located in the Northeast region of Brazil, was selected as the study area in the present study. The climatic behavior of the meteorological stations data from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and estimated climatic data were studied, in addition to the influence on the productivity of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic systems. The presence of significant decreasing trends was verified through the Mann-Kendall test, quantified by the slope of Sen, in the INMET total horizontal solar irradiation data, at Areia and Cabaceiras stations, which means that there was a reduction in solar irradiation in these locations. In the dispersion analyzes (MAE and RMSE) of the total horizontal solar irradiation data, between INMET and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), three NASA stations presented an acceptable error in relation to the INMET data. The calculated diffuse horizontal radiation from INMET, related to data from the Reference Center for Solar and Wind Energy Sérgio de Salvo Brito (CRESESB) and NASA, showed little variation over the year. The average air temperature showed significant upward trends in the annual period in all seasons. The Spearman correlation between the total horizontal solar radiation and the cell operating temperature was significant for all models of photovoltaic panels. The impact on photovoltaic production based on the increase in average air temperature was less than 1% for all seasons. Even though the variation in photovoltaic production has been small so far, there are indications that this impact will increase in the future. Thus, it is necessary to be aware of climate change and how it can affect energy sectors. For this, more research must be carried out on the subject, in order to obtain more in-depth knowledge and elaborate possible alternatives to mitigate these impacts of climate change.
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